■SYNONYMs, ANTONYMs(類義語、反意語)
SELDOM...frequency
HARDLY...quality, quantity
I hardly speak English.
I seldom speak English.


■EXPRESSIONs/PHRASEs(表現・フレーズ)
The length of time that I really studied French is three months.
I'm sorry I'm sending this report late.

grilled meat

all-you-can-eat

theme park
amusement park

World Heritage

everyday
every six months
every two days


■UNDERSTANDING TENSEs(時制の理解)
what you like to do
where you are from
what you like to eat
what you like to drink
how many brothers or sisters you have
why you study English
what kind of TV shows you like to watch
which TV show you like the best

What does Kawano like to do?
↓
What do you like to do?
↓
I like to play baseball.
↓
Kawano likes to play baseball.

Where do you like to visit?
Which country do you like the best?
It is not a country, but I like Hawaii the best.
It is not a country, but I like Scotland the best which I always speak about.
What kind of dream do you have?
What kind of dream I have is to be a pilot.
I have a dream to be a better teacher than now.
How often do you go to the theater?
How often I go to the theater depends on whether there are interesting stories or not.
I seldom go to the theater.


■分詞PRESENT/PAST PARTICIPLEs
SINCE
SINCE
　PERFECT TENSE
*SINCE hints it is going on from the past to now.
*FROM is a word to give an impression that you are speaking about the past, future or present.
　BECAUSE

PRESENT PERFECT...There needs to be a reason.
I ate sashimi.
I have eaten sashimi.

I have eaten sashimi.
I have been eating sashimi.

Which sports do you like the best?
How long have you been playing tennis?
I haven't been playing tennis for a while.
I have played tennis about 5 years ago.
Ever since I came to Kanto, I have been surfing.
What habit of superstition do you have?
I leave something that I like the best as the last one.
What type of car do you drive?
How long have you been driving the car?
What type of hairstyle do you like?
I don't have what type of hairstyle I like.
How long have you been careless about your hairstyle?
What type of music do you listen to?
I listen to the music which Takeuchi Maria.
How long have you been listening to the music which Takeuchi Maria released?
I have been listening to the music which Takeuchi Maria released since last month.
Which country do you like the best among the places which you have lived in?
How long have you lived in Thailand?
Where do you live now?
I live near the Kitakogane station.
How long have you been living near the station?

Since the American Continent was found, many immigrants have been moving to the US.
Since the American Continent was found, many immigrants who were mainly from Europe have been moving to the US.
Since the American Continent was found, many immigrants who ran away from their countries for different reasons such as debts, unhappiness with their legal systems, war, persecution in politics or races have been moving to the US.

It must have been a while since you last had a class together.
It has been a while since you had a class together.

It has been two years since I saw him for the last time.

We have been working on the environment since November.

I had wanted to go to the US since I was a child.
I wanted to go to the US since I was a child.
I have wanted to go to the US since I was a child.

The shooter, Seung-Hui Cho , was a South Korean immigrant who had been in America since he was 8 years old.


SINCE≒BECAUSE
He learned to play the guitar to attract women, but since he's married now, he doesn't have to play the guitar any more.
You might just as well stop by the supermarket since you're coming back home now.
Mamma said since I was coming home now, I was to go to buy shampoo at Matsumoto Kiyoshi.
Mamma said since I was coming home now, I who had wanted to play the video games was to go to buy shampoo at Matsumoto Kiyoshi.
Mamma said since I was coming home now, I who was thought to be carrying money was to go to buy shampoo at Matsumoto Kiyoshi.